Course Overview
CLASS 11 BIOLOGY
Biology is defined as the study of living organisms, their origins, anatomy, morphology, physiology, behaviour, and distribution.
Unit- I Diversity in the living organisms
Chapter- 1 The living world
The living world comprises an amazing diversity of living organisms. Early man could easily perceive the difference between inanimate matter and living organisms. Early man deified some of the inanimate matter (wind, sea, fire etc.) and some among the animals and plants.
CONTENTS
1.1 Characteristics
1.2 Diversity and taxonomy
1.3 Taxonomic categories
1.4 Taxonomical Aids
Chapter-2 Biological Classification
Biological classification is defined as the process of grouping organisms according to certain similarities.
CONTENTS
2.1 Kingdom monera
2.2 Kingdom Protista
2.3 Kingdom Fungi
2.4 Kingdom Plantae
2.5 Kingdom Animalia
2.6 Viruses, viroids and lichens
Chapter-3 Plant kingdom
Kingdom Plantae includes all the plants. They are eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophic organisms.
CONTENTS
3.1 Algae
3.2 Bryophytes
3.3 Pteridophytes
3.4 Gymnosperms
3.5 Angiosperms
3.6 Plant life cycles and alternation of generations
Chapter- 4 Animal kingdom
All animals on earth are found in the animal Kingdom taxonomic classification. Animals are divided into various subcategories to further define them, namely division, class, order, family, genus and species.
CONTENTS
4.1 Basis of classification
4.2 Classification of animals
Unit- II Structural organisation in plants and animals
Chapter-5 Morphology of flowering plants
Morphology is the name given to science that deals with the study of the form and structure of things. No matter which plants you take, the morphology of a flowering plant includes the roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
CONTENTS
5.1 The root
5.2 The stem
5.3 The leaf
5.4 The inflorescence
5.5 The flower
5.6 The frill
5.7 The seed
5.8 The semi-technical description of a typical flowering plant
5.9 Description of some important families
Chapter- 6 Anatomy of flowering plants
It consists of simple tissues such as parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Parenchymatous cells are usually present in the cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays, in the primary stems and roots. In leaves, the ground tissue consists of thin-walled chloroplast-containing cells and is called mesophyll.
CONTENTS
6.1 The tissues
6.2 The tissue system
6.3 Anatomy of dicotyledons and monocotyledons plants
6.4 Secondary growth
Chapter- 7 Structural organisation in organisms
The structure of the cells varies according to their function. Therefore, the tissues are different and are broadly classified into four types : (i) Epithelial, (ii) Connective, (iii) Muscular and (iv) Neural. We commonly refer to an epithelial tissue as epithelium (pl.: epithelia).
CONTENTS
7.1 Animal tissues
7.2 Organ and organ system
7.3 Earthworm
7.4 Cockroach
7.5 Frogs
Unit- III Cell: structure and functions
Chapter- 8 Cell: the unit of life
The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. It is generally referred to as ‘building blocks of life. Cells are capable of independent existence and performing essential functions of life.
CONTENTS
8.1 What is a cell?
8.2 Cell theory
8.3 Prokaryotic cell
8.4 Eukaryotic cell
Chapter- 9 Biomolecules
Chemicals or molecules present in the living organism are known as biomolecules. Biomolecules are divided into two types- inorganic and organic.
9.1 How to analyse chemical composition?
9.2 Primary and secondary metabolites
9.3 Biomacromolecules
9.4 Proteins
9.5 Polysaccharides
9.6 Nucleic acids
9.7 Structure of proteins
9.8 Nature of bond linking monomers in a proteins
9.9 Dynamic state of body constituents- the concept of metabolism
9.10 Metabolic basis for living
9.11 The living state
9.12 Enzymes
Chapter- 10 Cell cycle and cell division
The cell cycle is defined as the series of changes that a cell undergoes which results in the division of cells into two daughter cells and their growth.
CONTENTS
10.1 Cell cycle
10.2 M phase
10.3 Significance of mitosis
10.4 Meiosis
10.5 Significance of meiosis
Unit- IV Plant physiology
Chapter- 11 Transport in plants
Transport in plants refers to the process of carrying water, minerals, and nutrients across various parts of the plant body. This transport includes carrying food from leaves to other parts and the minerals and water absorbed by the other parts to the leaves, which are referred to as the kitchen of the plants.
CONTENTS
11.1 Means of transport
11.2 Plant-water relations
11.3 Long-distance transport of water
11.4 Transpiration
11.5 Uptake and transport of mineral nutrients
11.6 Pholem transport: flow from source to sink
Chapter- 12 Mineral nutrition
Mineral Nutrition is defined as the naturally occurring inorganic nutrient found in the soil and food that is essential for the proper functioning of animal and plant bodies. Minerals are vital elements necessary for the body.
CONTENTS
12.1 Methods to study the mineral requirements of plants
12.2 Essential mineral elements
12.3 Mechanism of absorption of elements
12.4 Translocation of solutes
12.5 Soil as a reservoir of essential elements
12.6 Metabolism of nitrogen
Chapter- 13 Photosynthesis in higher plants
Green plants carry out ‘photosynthesis’, a physicochemical process by which they use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds.
CONTENTS
13.1 What do we know?
13.2 Early experiments
13.3 Where does photosynthesis take place?
13.4 How many pigments are involved in photosynthesis
13.5 What is a light reaction?
13.6 The electron transport
13.7 Where are the ATP and NADPH used?
13.8 the C4 pathway
13.9 Photorespiration
13.10 Factors affecting photosynthesis
Chapter- 14 Respiration in plants
The breaking of the C-C bonds of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells, leading to the release of a considerable amount of energy is called respiration. The compounds that are oxidised during this process are known as respiratory substrates.
CONTENTS
14.1 Do plants breathe?
14.2 Glycolysis
14.3 Fermentation
14.4 Aerobic respiration
14.5 The respiratory balance sheet
14.6 Amphilic pathway
14.7 Respiratory quotient
Chapter- 15 Plant growth and development
In plants growth is accomplished by cell division, increase in cell number and cell enlargement. So, growth is a quantitative phenomenon which can be measured over time. Plant growth is generally indeterminate due to the capacity of unlimited growth throughout life.
CONTENTS
15.1 Growth
15.2 Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation
15.3 Development
15.4 Plant growth regulators
15.5 Photoperiodism
15.6 Vernalisation
Unit-V Human physiology
Chapter- 16 Digestion and absorption
Digestion is the process of breaking down complex food particles into simpler forms to absorb nutrients. The digestive system of humans comprises an alimentary canal. There are various glands associated with it.
CONTENTS
16.1 Digestive system
16.2 Digestion of food
16.3 Absorption of digested products
16.4 Disorders of the digestive system
Chapter- 17 Breathing and exchange of gases
The atmospheric oxygen enters the body through pulmonary respiration, and CO2-rich alveolar is released. In the next step, the diffusion of O2 and CO2 occurs across the alveolar membrane. The blood transports O2 and CO2 across different parts of the body.
CONTENTS
17.1 Respiratory organs
17.2 Mechanism of breathing
17.3 Exchange of gases
17.4 Transport of gases
17.5 Regulation of respiration
17.6 Disorders of the respiratory system
Chapter-18 Body fluids and circulation
There are two types of circulatory systems prevalent in living beings, that is, the closed circulatory system and the open circulatory system. The circulatory system consists of the heart, which is a muscular pump, blood vessels, and circulating fluid, that is, blood and lymph.
CONTENTS
18.1 Blood
18.2 Lymph (Tissues)
18.3 Circulatory pathways
18.4 Double circulation
18.5 Regulation of cardiac activity
18.6 Disorders of the circulatory system
Chapter-19 Excretory products and their elimination
Ammonia, urea and uric acid are the major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals. Ammonia is the most toxic form and requires a large amount of water for its elimination, whereas uric acid, being the least toxic, can be removed with a minimum loss of water. The process of excreting ammonia is Ammonotelism.
CONTENTS
19.1 Human excretory system
19.2 Urine formation
19.3 Function of the tubules
19.4 Mechanism of concentration of the filtrate
19.5 Regulation of kidney function
19.6 Micturition
19.7 Role of other organs in excretion
19.8 Disorders of the excretory system
Chapter- 20 Locomotion and movement
Human beings can move limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongues, etc. Some of the movements result in a change of place or location. Such voluntary movements are called locomotion. Walking, running, climbing, flying, and swimming are all forms of locomotory movements.
CONTENTS
20.1 Types of movement
20.2 Muscle
20.3 Skeletal system
20.4 Joints
20.5 Disorders of the muscular and skeletal system
Chapter-21 Neural control and coordination
In our body, the neural system and the endocrine system jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities of the organs so that they function in a synchronised fashion. The neural system provides an organised network of point-to-point connections for quick coordination.
CONTENTS
21.1 Neural system
21.2 Human neural system
21.3 Neuron as a structural and functional unit of the neural system
21.4 Central neural system
21.5 Reflex action and reflex arc
21.6 Sensory reception and processing
Chapter-22 Chemical coordination and integration
There are special chemicals which act as hormones and provide chemicals. coordination, integration and regulation in the human body. These hormones. regulate metabolism, growth and development of our organs, the endocrine glands. or certain cells.
CONTENTS
22.1 Endocrine glands and hormones
22.2 Human endocrine system
22.3 Hormones of the heart, kidney and gastrointestinal tract
22.4 Mechanism of hormone action
Course Content
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