Course Overview
CLASS 12 BIOLOGY
Different concepts such as Reproduction, Biotechnology, Ecology, Environment, Human Welfare, Genetics and Evolution.
Unit-VI Reproduction
Chapter- 1 Reproduction in organisms
Reproduction is defined as a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones (offspring) similar to itself. The offspring grow, mature and in turn produce new offspring.
CONTENTS
- Asexual reproduction
- Sexual reproduction
Chapter-2 Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Flowers reproduce through the process of pollination. The pollen grains are transferred from the anther of the male flower to the stigma of the female flower, enabling fertilization and resulting in the production of seeds.
CONTENTS
2.1 Flower- a fascinating organ of angiosperms
2.2 Pre-fertilisation: structures and events
2.3 Double fertilisation
2.4 Post- fertilisation: structures ans events
2.5 Apomixis and polyembryony
Chapter- 3 Human Reproduction
The reproductive events in humans include the formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to the formation of zygote.
CONTENTS
3.1 The male reproductive system
3.2 The female reproductive system
3.3 Gametogenesis
3.4 Menstrual cycle
3.5 Fertilisation and implantation
3.6 Pregnancy and embryonic development
3.7 Parturition and lactation
Chapter-4 Reproductive health
Reproductive health refers to total well-being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e., physical, emotional, behavioural and social. Our nation was the first nation in the world to initiate various action plans at the national level towards attaining a reproductively healthy society.
CONTENTS
4.1 Reproductive health- problems and strategies
4.2 Population explosion and birth control
4.3 Medical termination of pregnancy
4.4 Sexually transmitted diseases
4.5 Infertility
Unit- VII Genetics and Evolution
Chapter- 5 Principles of inheritance and variation
Inheritance is the process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny. It is the basis of heredity. Variation is the degree by which progeny differ from their parents. Variation may be in terms of morphology, physiology, cytology and behavioristic traits of individuals belonging to the same species.
CONTENTS
5.1 Mendel’s laws of inheritance
5.2 Inheritance of one gene
5.3 Inheritance of two genes
5.4 Sex determination
5.5 Mutation
5.6 Genetic disorders
Chapter- 6 Molecular bases of inheritance
The molecular basis of inheritance involves the study of genes, genetic variations and heredity. It explains how an offspring looks similar to the parents. DNA, RNA and genetic code form the basis of the molecular basis of inheritance. They transmit the hereditary genes from the parents to the offspring.
CONTENTS
6.1 The DNA
6.2 The search for genetic material
6.3 RNA World
6.4 Replication
6.5 Transcription
6.6 Genetic code
6.7 Translation
6.8 Regulation of gene expression
6.9 Human genome project
6.10 Dna fingerprinting
Chapter-7 Evolution
the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on natural selection. The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related to each other and gradually change over time.
CONTENTS
7.1 Origin of life
7.2 Evolution of life forms
7.3 What is the evidence for evolution
7.4 What is adaptive radiation
7.5 Biological evolution
7.6 Mechanism of evolutuion
7.7 Hardy- Weinberg principle
7.8 A brief account of evolution
7.9 origin and evolution of man
Unit- VIII Biology in human welfare
Chapter-8 human health and disease
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. (i) The factors which affect human health are (a) Genetic disorders (b) Infections (c) Lifestyle. (ii) Balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercise are very important to maintain good health.
8.1 Common disease in humans
8.2 Immunity
8.3 AIDS
8.4 Cancer
8.5 Drugs and alcohol abuse
Chapter-9 Strategies for enhancement in food production
It is the practice of raising and breeding livestock (buffaloes, cattle, sheep, cows, etc.). It also includes poultry farming and fisheries. Dairy farm management and poultry farm management is required to select good breed having high-yielding potential and disease-resistant varieties.
CONTENTS
9.1 Animal husbandry
9.2 Plant breeding
9.3 Single-cell Protista
9.4 Tissue culture
Chapter-10 Microbes in human welfare
Microbes are the major components of biological systems on the earth. They are present everywhere, i.e. in soil, water, air, inside our bodies and those of other animals and plants. They can also be found deep inside the geysers (thermal vents), deep in the soil, under the layer of snow and in highly acidic environments.
CONTENTS
10.1 Microbes in household products
10.2 Microbes in industrial products
10.3 Microbes in sewage treatment
10.4 Microbes in the production of biogas
10.5 Microbes as biocontrol agents
10.6 Microbes as biofertilizersers
Unit-IX Biotechnology
Chapter-11 Biotechnology: Principles and processes
Biotechnology deals with the large-scale production and marketing of products and processes using live organisms, cells or enzymes. Modern biotechnology using genetically modified organisms was made possible only when man learnt to alter the chemistry of DNA and construct recombinant DNA.
CONTENTS
11.1 Principles of biotechnology
11.2 Tools of recombinant DN technology
11.3 Processes of recombinant DNA technology
Chapter-12 Biotechnology and its applications
Biotechnology essentially deals with the industrial-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and biologicals. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production.
CONTENTS
12.1 Biotechnological applications in agriculture
12.2 Biotechnological applications in medicine
12.3 Transgenic animals
12.4 Ethical issues
Unit-X Ecology
Chapter-13 Organisms and populations
- Organism: each individual belonging to the species.
- (ii) Population: The group of organisms that are capable of interbreeding.
- Communities: A combination of different populations combine to form communities.
- (iv) Biomes: A large number of flora and fauna found in a climatic zone.
CONTENTS
13.1 Organisms and their environment
13.2 Populations
Chapter-14 Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature and comprises abiotic and biotic components. Abiotic components are inorganic materials- air, water and soil, whereas biotic components are producers, consumers and decomposers.
CONTENTS
14.1 Ecosystem- structure and function
14.2 Productivity
14.3 Decomposition
14.4 Energy flow
14.5 Ecological pyramids
14.6 Ecological succession
14.7 Nutrient cycling
14.8 Ecosystem services
Chapter- 15 Biodiversity and conservation
India lies among the 12 mega biodiversity countries of the world. India has a mere 2.4% of the land area of the world yet it has 8.1% of the global species biodiversity. There are around 45,000 species of plants and 90,000-1,00,000 species of animals.
CONTENTS
15.1 Biodiversity
15.2 Biodiversity conservation
Chapter-16 Environmental issues
An environmental issue can be defined as the harmful effects of any human activity on the environment. This leads to the degradation of air, water and soil quality.
CONTENTS
16.1 Air pollution and its control
16.2 Water pollution and its control
16.3 Solid wastes
16.4 Agro-chemicals and their effects
16.5 Radioactive waste
16.6 Greenhouse effect and global warming
16.7 Ozone depletion in the stratosphere
16.8 Degradation by improper resource utilisation and maintenance
16.9 Deforestation
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